SectionApplication Security
Technology category
WAF
WAF belongs to the Application Security area. WAF protects web applications and APIs against common application-layer attacks such as injection, cross-site scripting, protocol abuse, malicious payloads, and automated exploitation attempts.
Acronym Glossary
This glossary explains acronyms used in this part so the intended security function is clear.
- WAF
- Web Application FirewallAn application firewall protecting web applications and APIs from application-layer attacks.
What This Technology Covers
WAF protects web applications and APIs against common application-layer attacks such as injection, cross-site scripting, protocol abuse, malicious payloads, and automated exploitation attempts.
Why It Matters
It is most useful for public applications, partner portals, e-commerce, exposed APIs, and environments where application fixes cannot always be deployed immediately.
In practice, this is not only a technical function. It is a way to place the solution into a broader security architecture. Many organizations operate dozens of consoles and tools, so the challenge is also to understand which technology solves which type of risk.
This category helps name the problem precisely, narrow the list of relevant solutions, and distinguish technologies that may look similar at first glance. That is useful for partners and customers who already understand cybersecurity but need a clear map of the market and available portfolio.
Typical Use Cases
WAF is usually considered when an organization needs tighter control over a specific security layer within Application Security. It can complement an existing architecture, replace an outdated tool, improve visibility, or consolidate functions currently split across multiple products.
Place In The Architecture
Within the broader Application Security architecture, WAF should be assessed by how it connects to existing security and operational processes. Its practical value appears when the solution provides usable data, clear policies, understandable reporting, and integrations with existing tools.
When mapping this technology to SecTec portfolio vendors, it is important to consider not only the feature itself, but also deployment model, licensing, management level, supported platforms, and integration with adjacent areas. In a specific architecture, WAF may be a standalone platform, a capability, or part of a broader solution.
How To Assess The Technology
When selecting a solution, the most important assessment points are:
- which problem the solution covers and where its boundaries are
- whether it supports the organization's existing environment
- how it integrates with SIEM, SOAR, XDR, IAM, cloud, or ticketing
- what level of automation, reporting, and auditability it provides
- whether it reduces operational complexity or only adds another isolated console
Related Areas
Vendors From The SecTec Portfolio
Attack coverage and defensive context
MITRE ATT&CK® Enterprise version 19.1 is used as a reference model. The mapping is a SecTec expert interpretation and does not imply endorsement by MITRE.
Practical attack scenarios
- Phishing and identity abuseAn adversary manipulates a user, obtains credentials, or abuses a trusted account to gain access to the environment.
- Public application or API abuseAn adversary exploits a vulnerable web application, API, client-side code, or software component for initial access and execution.
- Cloud and SaaS compromiseAn adversary abuses cloud identities, permissions, configurations, or application integrations to access services and data.
- Malware and Command and ControlMalicious code executes, maintains access, and communicates with adversary infrastructure through common or covert channels.
- Data exfiltration and leakageAn adversary searches for, collects, and transfers sensitive data from endpoints, cloud services, email, or internal repositories.
- Supply chain and trusted accessAn adversary abuses a supplier, software dependency, external access path, or trusted relationship to bypass normal controls.
- Business Email Compromise and mailbox takeoverAn adversary takes over or impersonates a trusted email identity and abuses communications for fraud, payment diversion, data collection, or further phishing.
- Privilege escalation and persistenceAn adversary expands privileges, creates or modifies accounts and policies, and establishes repeatable access to systems, identities, or cloud environments.
- Insider threat and authorized access abuseAn insider or an adversary with a valid account abuses legitimate permissions to discover, copy, manipulate, or transfer sensitive data.
- BOLA – Broken Object Level AuthorizationAn adversary changes an object identifier in an API request and gains access to data or operations belonging to another user, account, or tenant.
- BOPLA – Broken Object Property Level AuthorizationAn API exposes or allows modification of sensitive object properties that the user should not access, including excessive data exposure and mass assignment.
- BFLA – Broken Function Level AuthorizationA regular or unauthenticated user invokes an administrative or privileged API function that should not be available to them.
- Broken API authentication and token abuseAn adversary bypasses login, password recovery, or token validation and assumes the identity of a user or service.
- Sensitive business flow and bot abuseAn automated adversary abuses legitimate functionality such as purchasing, booking, registration, voting, commenting, or account recovery.
- SSRF – Server-Side Request ForgeryAn adversary causes a server or API to fetch an attacker-controlled address and reaches internal services, cloud metadata, or protected network targets.
- API security misconfiguration and exposed interfacesInsecure defaults, debug endpoints, broken CORS, verbose errors, or missing security headers expose data and functionality to an adversary.
- Unsafe consumption of third-party APIsAn application trusts data or redirects from a partner API more than ordinary input and propagates a supplier compromise into its own environment.
- Credential stuffing and password sprayingAn adversary automatically tests leaked username-password pairs or a small set of common passwords against many accounts.
- Injection and command executionUntrusted input changes the meaning of a command, query, or template and enables data access, logic bypass, or code execution.
- Path traversal and file inclusionAn adversary manipulates a file path or imported name and reads, writes, or executes content outside the permitted directory.
- Malicious file upload and unsafe deserializationAn application accepts or processes a malicious file or serialized object and enables code execution, control bypass, or compromise of other users.
- Client-side injection and Cross-Site ScriptingAn adversary injects untrusted content into a user's browser and executes script in the context of a trusted application.
Relevant ATT&CK techniques
- T1059 · Command and Scripting InterpreterDetect, Prevent, Respond
- T1078 · Valid AccountsDetect, Prevent, Respond
- T1189 · Drive-by CompromiseDetect, Prevent, Respond
- T1190 · Exploit Public-Facing ApplicationDetect, Prevent, Respond
- T1567 · Exfiltration Over Web ServiceDetect, Prevent, Respond